Many people have asked me why my knees were hobbled by arthritis long before I turned 60. Being born bowlegged gave them a start. But I made things worse by jogging daily for about 10 years and playing singles tennis for an hour nearly every day for more years than I can remember, until increasing knee pain forced me to cut back to three or four times a week.

Still, in winter, I went ice skating most days, and during the warmer months, I cycled 10 miles nearly every morning. About the only activity that did not damage my knees was lap swimming, which I did four or five times a week.

I loved my activities and planned my life around them, scheduling my workouts around family and professional obligations. When I couldn’t do my daily activities ? typically two or three a day ? for reasons of weather, travel or closings of the facilities, I felt out of sorts, even guilty, and worried about gaining weight.

Had I been assessed by a sports medicine specialist at the time, I would have scored high on the scale of exercise addiction. To use a less pejorative and more accurate term, I was an obligatory exerciser, overly committed to an exercise routine probably to the detriment of my body, if not to my psychological and social well-being.

Do you remember Jim Fixx, author of the bestseller The Complete Book of Running, which sparked the fitness revolution? Fixx ignored signs of impending heart trouble and died while running at 52. An estimated 10 per cent of runners are obligatory exercisers, according to a 1982 report in The Journal of Sports Psychology.

A classic example was described in the June issue of The Physician and Sportsmedicine by Dr John H. Draeger and Dr Alayne Yates, psychiatrists at the University of Hawaii, and Douglas Crowell, a sports scientist in Honolulu. They told of a 38-year-old physician and marathon runner with a busy practice and a large family who, after several months of progressive deterioration in his running times, finally visited a sports medicine clinic. He complained of persistent fatigue, muscle soreness, lack of energy and middle-of-the-night awakenings worrying about his physical performance and training routine.

The doctor’s wife complained that he was becoming increasingly irritable, and he himself conceded that although running had been a stress reducer that gave him time to think, he now had to force himself to run and was no longer enjoying it as much.

The experts from Hawaii used “obligatory exerciser” to describe someone “who feels obligated or compelled to continue exercising despite the risk of adverse physiologic or psychological” consequences. These may include injuries caused by overtraining and social isolation. “When confronted with a decrease in performance, they will push their bodies harder to succeed,” the experts wrote.

For the obligatory exerciser, exercise becomes a top priority, even more important than work, school, friends and family. It is no longer a free choice. This affliction is by no means limited to runners or to adults. While it can happen to anyone, young females are especially at risk.

Aerobic activity that burns 2,000 to 3,500 calories a week is considered the amount of exercise to attain and maintain optimal health. This would entail 40 to 60 minutes of cardiovascular exercise four to six times a week. Beyond that, there are no added health benefits, but there is an increased risk of exercise-induced injuries. Excessive exercise can damage tendons, ligaments, bones, cartilage, joints and muscles and not give minor injuries a chance to heal. Instead of building muscle, too much exercise can lead to muscle breakdown. Girls and young women may stop menstruating and start losing bone, as if they were in menopause. Excessive exercise can also release loads of free radicals, which can cause mutations and may increase cancer risk. But it is not so much the amount of activity that defines the obligatory exerciser as it is its effects. Some people’s bodies can handle more physical stress than others.

While there is no clear definition of obligatory exercise, there are telltale signs that exercise is becoming too important to a person and creating undue physical and psychological stress. These indicators were outlined by Molly Kimball, a dietitian at the Ochsner Clinic Foundation:

? Continuing to train even when ill or injured.

? Experiencing anxiety when a workout is missed.

? Constantly talking about their sport, training schedule and diet.

? Neglecting other important areas of life.

? Justifying excessive exercise as necessary to their sport.

? Having friends and family notice a loss of perspective.

Excessive stress: Too much exercise ruins muscles and bones

Obligatory exercisers often report some of the symptoms seen in athletes who overtrain, the article reported. They include anxiety, apathy, chronic fatigue, decreased appetite, depression, hostility, mental exhaustion, mood changes, changes in values and beliefs, diminished self-image, impaired concentration, emotional isolation and disturbed sleep. But, the article said, obligatory exercisers may not readily admit to any of those symptoms and behaviours because of their need to appear healthy and normal. It may be the task of parents, coaches, friends or other athletes to urge the person to get help to regain a healthier perspective. The obligatory exerciser must understand that “recovery periods, mandatory days of rest and the body’s need to regenerate contribute to peak performance,” the experts wrote.

The physician runner they cited was advised to reduce his training schedule. In two weeks, his physical symptoms disappeared and his mood improved. He was encouraged to look closely at his overcommitment to training and to learn relaxation exercises. With a therapist’s help, he sought to develop alternatives to “his driven thoughts about training.”

Kimball, the dietitian, suggested that when obligatory exercisers were unable to turn things around on their own, “meeting with a therapist, nutritionist or other health professional” could help them understand and deal with underlying problems that might drive disordered behaviour.

Of course, prevention is preferable. For those involved in competitive activities, it is critically important for parents and coaches to avoid overemphasising winning and pushing players into regimens that can become counterproductive.